Kisspeptin: The Upstream GnRH-Stimulating Neuropeptide of the HPG Axis
An evidence-based review of kisspeptin: the neuropeptide that controls GnRH secretion, the Dhillo-group clinical research program, and the biomarkers relevant to HPG axis evaluation.
Tesofensine: A Triple Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor
An educational guide to tesofensine: how this triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor works, what Phase II trial data showed, why US development stalled, and what the Mexican approval means for the current regulatory picture.
Pentadeca Arginate (PDA): A Rebranded Arginate Salt of the BPC-157 Pentadecapeptide
An evidence-based review of pentadeca arginate (PDA): what it is, why it is marketed as a BPC-157 alternative, what the preclinical research actually shows, and why no peer-reviewed trials study PDA as a distinct molecule.
Selank: A Tuftsin-Derived Heptapeptide and GABA-A Allosteric Modulator
An evidence-based review of Selank: the GABA-A allosteric modulation mechanism, what Russian clinical research shows, current FDA regulatory status, and the biomarkers relevant to stress biology.
PE-22-28: A Spadin-Derived TREK-1 Channel Inhibitor in Preclinical Research
An evidence-based review of PE-22-28: the TREK-1 channel biology behind this spadin-derived heptapeptide, what preclinical research shows, and why no human safety or efficacy data exists. Superpower does not offer this compound.
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Zadaxin): A Thymic Peptide and Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Modulator
A research guide to thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1): how this thymus-derived peptide modulates T-cell development and innate immune signaling, what the published clinical trial evidence shows, and which biomarkers are relevant to the biology it is proposed to affect.
Melanotan I (Afamelanotide): The Approved MC1R Agonist Behind Scenesse
An evidence-based guide to afamelanotide (Scenesse): its selective MC1R mechanism, the clinical trial data supporting FDA approval for erythropoietic protoporphyria, the vitiligo research, and how it differs fundamentally from Melanotan II.
LL-37: The Only Human Cathelicidin — A Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide
An evidence-based guide to LL-37: how this endogenous cathelicidin works, what the research shows about its dual-edged biology, and the regulatory context for this Category 1 compounded peptide with no FDA-approved indication.
Thymosin Beta-4: An Endogenous Actin-Sequestering Peptide
A research guide to thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4): how this endogenous actin-sequestering peptide influences cell migration and cytoskeletal dynamics, what published human trial data shows, and how it differs from the synthetic TB-500 fragment.
Semax: An ACTH(4-7)-Derived Heptapeptide and Melanocortin Receptor Modulator
An evidence-based guide to Semax: the ACTH(4-7) analog developed in Russia, how it may influence BDNF and neurotrophin signaling, what the Russian clinical evidence shows, and the regulatory limitations on US use.
Pinealon (EDR): A Khavinson-Group Tripeptide in Preclinical Research
An evidence-based review of Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg): what the Khavinson bioregulator research shows, its regulatory status, the proposed DNA-binding and oxidative-stress mechanisms, and the single-lab dominance limiting the evidence base.
MOTS-c: A 16-Amino-Acid Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide and AMPK Activator
An evidence-based review of MOTS-c: the 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide, the AMPK activation and retrograde signaling mechanisms, the WADA prohibition, and the limits of the current evidence base.
MK-677 (Ibutamoren): An Oral Non-Peptide Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
An educational guide to MK-677 (ibutamoren): why it is not a peptide, how it activates the ghrelin receptor to stimulate GH and IGF-1, what Merck's discontinued clinical program found, and what the safety signals mean for its gray-market use.
Melanotan II (MT-II): A Non-Selective Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Peptide
An evidence-based review of Melanotan II: the non-selective melanocortin receptor mechanism, serious safety signals from published case reports, regulatory warnings from the FDA and MHRA, and why Superpower does not offer this substance.
Humanin: A Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide and Proposed Cytoprotective Signal
An evidence-based review of humanin: what this mitochondrial-derived peptide is, what the preclinical research shows about proposed cytoprotective mechanisms, the IGF-1 signaling axis, and the limits of the current evidence base.
Epitalon (Epithalon, AEDG): A Pineal-Derived Synthetic Tetrapeptide
An evidence-based review of Epitalon (AEDG), the pineal-derived synthetic tetrapeptide studied in Khavinson-group animal and in vitro work, the 2025 independent telomerase replication, and an honest appraisal of what the human evidence does and does not support.
Dihexa: An Angiotensin IV Analog and Proposed HGF/c-Met Modulator
An evidence-based review of dihexa: what preclinical research shows about this angiotensin IV analog, its proposed HGF/c-Met mechanism, two retracted foundational papers, the c-Met oncogenic concern, and why no human data exists.
Dermorphin: A Frog-Derived Mu-Opioid Receptor Agonist Peptide
An evidence-based review of dermorphin: the D-amino acid structure that makes it 30-40× more potent than morphine at the mu-opioid receptor, the horse-racing doping scandal, safety considerations, and why it has no therapeutic pathway. Superpower does not offer this compound.
Gonadorelin: A GnRH Decapeptide for Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Stimulation
An evidence-based review of gonadorelin: the GnRH decapeptide studied as an hCG alternative in TRT protocols, its pulsatile mechanism, regulatory history, and the biomarkers that matter.
CJC-1295: A Long-Acting GHRH Analog
An evidence-based review of CJC-1295: how this tetrasubstituted GHRH analog extends growth hormone stimulation, what the DAC and no-DAC variants mean, what the research shows, and which biomarkers are relevant.
PTD-DBM: A CXXC5-Dishevelled Disrupting Peptide
An evidence-based review of PTD-DBM: the preclinical science behind this Wnt pathway activator, its regulatory status as a research peptide, and which biomarkers are relevant if you are exploring the science of hair follicle biology.
Polypeptides in Skincare: How Topical Bioactive Peptides Influence Skin Biology
A comprehensive guide to polypeptides in skincare: how the four functional categories work, what the clinical research supports, why skin penetration is the central challenge, and how to evaluate a peptide product claim.
Melanotan: A Family of Synthetic Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Peptides
An evidence-based overview of the melanotan class: the melanocortin biology behind both compounds, what distinguishes the FDA-approved MT1 from the unregulated MT2, and why the safety signals around gray-market MT2 warrant careful attention.
GLOW Peptide (Klow): A Compounded Injectable Blend of GHK-Cu, Glutathione, and Ascorbic Acid
An evidence-based review of the GLOW (Klow) peptide blend: what it contains, the research behind GHK-Cu, glutathione, and ascorbic acid, what the evidence shows, and which biomarkers are relevant to the biology it targets.
Collagen Peptides: Hydrolyzed Collagen as a Dietary Supplement
An evidence-based guide to hydrolyzed collagen peptides: the bioavailability and tissue distribution research, how sources and molecular weight differ, and which biomarkers provide context for understanding collagen metabolism.
Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8): A Synthetic SNARE Protein-Inhibiting Hexapeptide
An evidence-based guide to argireline (acetyl hexapeptide-8): the SNARE-inhibition hypothesis, what placebo-controlled trials actually found, and why skin penetration limits the efficacy of this widely studied synthetic hexapeptide.
Thymosin Peptides: An Overview of the Alpha and Beta Family
A category-level guide to the thymosin family: why alpha-1, beta-4, and prothymosin alpha are biochemically unrelated despite sharing a name, what the thymus gland has to do with it, and where the clinical evidence stands for each.
TB-500: A Synthetic Thymosin Beta-4 Actin-Binding Fragment
An evidence-based overview of TB-500: what this synthetic peptide fragment is, how it differs from full-length thymosin beta-4, what preclinical research suggests, and why no human efficacy trials have been completed.
Cerebrolysin: A Porcine-Derived Neuropeptide Mixture and Proposed Neurotrophic Factor Preparation
An evidence-based review of Cerebrolysin: what the clinical research shows across stroke, TBI, and dementia indications, where independent reviewers disagree with industry-sponsored findings, and which biomarkers are relevant to the biology it is proposed to affect. Superpower does not offer this substance.
ARA-290 (Cibinetide): An EPO-Derived 11-Amino-Acid Peptide Targeting the Innate Repair Receptor
An evidence-based review of ARA-290 (cibinetide): the innate repair receptor mechanism, clinical trial results in sarcoidosis-associated small-fiber neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy research, and current regulatory and development status. Superpower does not offer this compound.
Ipamorelin: A Selective Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
An evidence-based review of ipamorelin: how this selective ghrelin receptor agonist works, what the published research shows, its regulatory status, and which biomarkers are relevant.
Sarcotropin: A Branded Oral Amino Acid and Polyphenol Medical Food
An evidence-based review of Sarcotropin: the composition of this branded amino acid and polyphenol medical food, what the published research actually supports, and how its evidence base compares to FDA-approved GHRH analogs.
MGF (Mechano Growth Factor): An IGF-1 Splice Variant
A research-focused overview of mechano growth factor (MGF), the IGF-1Ec splice variant produced locally in muscle after mechanical loading — covering the Goldspink-lab biology, PEG-MGF distinctions, and what the preclinical and limited human data actually show.
Follistatin: A Myostatin-Inhibiting Glycoprotein
An evidence-based overview of follistatin: the myostatin-inhibiting glycoprotein studied in animal models, gene-therapy trials, and gray-market peptide channels — covering the biology, evidence gaps, and relevant biomarkers.
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin: A GHRH-Plus-Ghrelin-Mimetic Combination
An evidence-based review of CJC-1295 and ipamorelin as a GHRH-plus-ghrelin-mimetic combination: how each compound works, why they are studied together, what the evidence shows, and which biomarkers are relevant.
BPC-157: A Synthetic Pentadecapeptide Derived from Gastric Juice Protein
An evidence-based overview of BPC-157: where it comes from, what the preclinical research suggests, why the FDA moved it to Category 2, and which biomarkers matter if you are exploring investigational peptide compounds.
AICAR (Acadesine): An AMP-Mimetic Nucleoside and AMPK Activator
An educational guide to AICAR (acadesine): how this AMP-mimetic nucleoside activates AMPK, what preclinical and limited human data show, and why it is prohibited in competitive sport.
VK2735: A Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist in Clinical Development
An evidence-based review of VK2735: how this dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist works, what the Phase 2 VENTURE trial found, where Phase 3 development stands, and which biomarkers are relevant when evaluating metabolic health.
Retatrutide: A Triple GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon Receptor Agonist
An educational guide to retatrutide: how this triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist works at the molecular level, what Phase 2 and 3 trials have found, and which metabolic biomarkers are most relevant.
Orforglipron: A Non-Peptide Oral GLP-1 Receptor Agonist in Clinical Development
An evidence-based review of orforglipron: how this oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist works, why its non-peptide chemistry matters, what Phase 2 and 3 trial data shows, and where it stands in the regulatory pipeline as of April 2026.
Mazdutide: A Dual GLP-1/Glucagon Receptor Agonist
An evidence-based review of mazdutide: what the dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist mechanism is, what the Phase 3 clinical trial data shows in Chinese populations, and why it is not available in the United States as of April 2026. Superpower does not offer this compound.
Maritide (MariTide): A GIPR-Antagonist GLP-1-Agonist Bispecific
An evidence-based review of maritide (AMG 133 / maridebart cafraglutide): how this antibody-peptide conjugate works, what Phase 1 and Phase 2 trial data shows, and what makes monthly dosing and the sustained post-dose weight signal clinically notable. Superpower does not offer this compound.
Eloralintide and Amycretin: Next-Generation Amylin and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
An evidence-based review of eloralintide and amycretin: how these next-generation amylin and GLP-1 receptor agonists work, what the clinical trial data shows, and where they stand in the obesity drug pipeline. Superpower does not offer either compound.
Cagrisema: A Cagrilintide-Plus-Semaglutide Combination
An evidence-based review of cagrisema: how Novo Nordisk's cagrilintide-plus-semaglutide combination works, what the REDEFINE Phase 3 program found, how it compares to tirzepatide and retatrutide, and which metabolic biomarkers are relevant regardless of approval status. Cagrisema is not available through Superpower.
Cagrilintide: A Long-Acting Amylin Analog
An evidence-based review of cagrilintide: how this long-acting amylin analog engages amylin and calcitonin receptors, what Phase 2 monotherapy data shows, and why it is being developed as a component of the CagriSema combination rather than as a standalone therapy.
AOD-9604: A Growth Hormone C-Terminal Fragment With Human Trial Data but No Clear Path Forward
An evidence-based review of AOD-9604: how this growth hormone fragment works, what human and preclinical studies show, its current regulatory status, and which biomarkers are relevant when exploring GH-axis fat metabolism.
Adipotide (FTPP): A Proapoptotic Peptide Targeting Adipose Vasculature
An evidence-based review of adipotide (FTPP): the proapoptotic mechanism targeting adipose vasculature, what the primate research showed, the kidney toxicity signal that stalled clinical development, and relevant biomarkers for anyone exploring metabolic science.
Tesamorelin (Egrifta SV): A Synthetic GHRH Analog and Pituitary Somatotroph Modulator
An evidence-based guide to tesamorelin: how this growth hormone-releasing hormone analog works, what the pivotal HIV-lipodystrophy trials show, and which biomarkers are relevant to the biology it targets.
5-Amino-1MQ: An NNMT Inhibitor and SAM-Cycle Methylation Modulator
An educational guide to 5-Amino-1MQ: how this small-molecule NNMT inhibitor works, what preclinical studies have found, and why no human trial data currently exists.
SLU-PP-332: A Pan-ERR Agonist Research Tool Compound
An educational guide to SLU-PP-332: what this ERR pan-agonist is, what preclinical mouse studies found, and why no human data or legitimate access pathway currently exists.
Glutathione: An Endogenous Antioxidant Tripeptide and the Body's Primary Intracellular Redox Buffer
An evidence-based review of glutathione as a tripeptide: its role in redox balance, detoxification, and immune function; how oral, IV, liposomal, and precursor forms compare; what the research shows on skin lightening; and which biomarkers reflect glutathione status.
Methylene Blue and Peptides: Mechanism Overlap Explained
Methylene blue is a synthetic phenothiazine dye with preclinical mitochondrial and neuroprotective research. This guide explains how it works, why it appears alongside mitochondrial and nootropic peptides in online discussions, and the safety profile every informed reader should know. This is not a stacking guide.
.svg)
.avif)